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Revolutionary Breakthrough in Nitrile Activation Unveils Promising Pathway for Anticancer Precursor Synthesis

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The study findings have been published in the online version of JACS Au on October 31, 2023.
Abstract
The versatile applications of nitrile have led to the widespread use of nitrile activation in the synthesis of pharmacologically and industrially valuable compounds. We reported the activation of nitriles using mononuclear cobalt(III)–hydroperoxo complexes, [CoIII(Me3-TPADP)(O2H)(RCN)]2+ [R = Me (2) and Ph (2Ph)], to form cobalt(III)–peroxyimidato complexes, [CoIII(Me3-TPADP)(R–C(═NH)O2)]2+ [R = Me (3) and Ph (3Ph)]. The independence of the rate on the nitrile concentration and the positive Hammett value of 3.2(2) indicated that the reactions occur via an intramolecular nucleophilic attack of the hydroperoxide ligand to the coordinated nitrile carbon atom. In contrast, the previously reported cobalt(III)–hydroperoxo complex, [CoIII(TBDAP)(O2H)(CH3CN)]2+ (2TBDAP), exhibited the deficiency of reactivity toward nitrile. The comparison of pKa values and redox potentials of 2 and 2TBDAP showed that Me3-TPADP had a stronger ligand field strength than that of TBDAP. The density functional theory calculations for 2 and 2TBDAP support that the strengthened ligand field in 2 is mainly due to the replacement of two tert-butyl amine donors in TBDAP with methyl groups in Me3-TPADP, resulting in the compression of the Co–Nax bond lengths. These results provide mechanistic evidence of nitrile activation by the cobalt(III)–hydroperoxo complex and indicate that the basicity dependent on the ligand framework contributes to the ability of nitrile activation.

A research team, affiliated with UNIST has unveiled a novel method to produce a selective anticancer precursor substance that targets and eliminates cancer cells. This groundbreaking method, previously existing only in theory, has now been experimentally proven for the first time, opening up new possibilities in the development of innovative drugs through extensive research on the effects of anticancer precursors on the human body.

Led by Professor Jaeheung Cho of the Department of Chemistry at UNIST, the research team has successfully demonstrated that the synthesis of hydroxymato cobalt (III), a potential candidate substance for anticancer precursors, involves the reaction of metal-active oxygen species with nitrile. Unlike previous studies that relied on expensive heavy metals, this new method utilizes cost-effective metals and operates at lower temperatures.

Nitrile, a compound widely used in pharmaceuticals and agricultural pesticides, has proven challenging to synthesize. However, the research team has now confirmed that the reaction between nitriles and cobalt-hydroperoxo species, a type of metal-active oxygen species, leads to the synthesis of peroxyimidateto cobalt (III). This finding reveals that peroxyimidateto cobalt (III) is an intermediate substance formed during the chemical reaction, ultimately producing hydroxymiteto cobalt (III).

To synthesize cobalt (III)-peroxyimidato complexes, the research team introduced a new species known as acobalt(III)-hydroperoxo specifications. Remarkably, they discovered that the reaction occurs when -hydroperoxo is nucleophilic-attacked with nitrile. Moreover, it was observed that the addition of a base to peroxymidato cobalt (III) transforms it into hydroxymito cobalt (III), enabling the synthesis of precursors.

The research team placed particular emphasis on the significance of the basicity of metal-dioxygen specifications, specifically the metal-(hydro)peroxo [M–O2(H)] complex species. By controlling the atoms bound to the cobalt-hydroperoxo species that did not react with nitrile, they successfully increased basicity, thereby enabling rapid reactions even at low temperatures.

To further investigate the structural aspects of cobalt(III)-hydroperoxo specifications, the research team employed computational chemistry simulations, which leverage the power of computer computing to analyze chemical phenomena. These simulations highlighted the impact of changes in the combination of atoms on the structure of cobalt(III)-hydroperoxo specifications, reaffirming the crucial role of basicity.

Commenting on the significance of this study, Professor Cho stated, “This research unveils the underlying mechanisms of metal-active oxygen species in activating nitrile, serving as a foundation for the future development of catalysts capable of activating nitrile.”

In this study, Professor Cho served as the corresponding author of the study, with researcher Son Young-jin as the first author. The study findings have been published in the online version of JACS Au on October 31, 2023. This research was made possible with the support of the Ministry of Science and ICT (MSIT), the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy (MOTIE), and the Ministry of Health and Welfare, organized by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF).

Journal Reference
Yeongjin Son, Donghyun Jeong, Kyungmin Kim, and Jaeheung Cho, “Mechanistic Insights into Nitrile Activation by Cobalt(III)–Hydroperoxo Intermediates: The Influence of Ligand Basicity,” JACS Au, (2023).

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